Cindy Sherman | The Enigma Behind the Lens

Introduction

In the vast realm of contemporary art, few names shine as brightly as Cindy Sherman. A trailblazer in every sense, Sherman has redefined the boundaries of photography, challenging perceptions and captivating audiences worldwide. Born in 1954, her journey from the suburban confines of Glen Ridge to the global art stage is a testament to her unparalleled talent and vision.

Overview

Cindy Sherman’s work is a masterclass in introspection and societal critique. Through her lens, every photograph tells a story, often with Sherman herself as the protagonist. But these aren’t mere self-portraits; they are narratives, each frame offering a window into meticulously crafted worlds where she assumes myriad roles. From the subject to the photographer, from the muse to the critic, Sherman’s versatility knows no bounds.

It becomes evident that Sherman’s art is more than just imagery. It’s a blend of storytelling, introspection, and a deep understanding of societal norms. Each photograph challenges the viewer, urging them to question notions of identity, societal constructs, and the very nature of art itself.

Global Recognition

Sherman’s prowess hasn’t gone unnoticed. As highlighted by the specialized website artfacts, she stands tall as the third most important living artist globally. Such recognition isn’t merely about talent; it’s about impact. And Sherman’s impact on the art world is undeniable. Her accolades, ranging from the prestigious Hasselblad Prize to the Haftmann Prize, are a testament to her enduring influence and contribution to art.

As we embark on this exploration of Cindy Sherman’s life and work, we invite readers to not just observe but to engage, to question, and to immerse themselves in the world of an artist who has forever changed the landscape of contemporary photography.

Early Life and Influences

Childhood and Education

Cindy Sherman’s roots trace back to Glen Ridge, New Jersey, where she was born in 1954. However, it was in the neighboring town of Huntington, Long Island, where she spent her formative years. Growing up in the culturally vibrant era of the 1960s, Sherman was exposed to a myriad of influences that would later shape her artistic perspectives. The societal shifts, the rise of pop culture, and the evolving narratives of the American dream all played a role in molding her young mind.

Sherman’s passion for art was evident early on, leading her to pursue formal education at the State University College in Buffalo. Initially captivated by the world of painting, she soon found herself at a crossroads. She used to paint self-portraits and realistis copies of photographs form magazines¹. The late 20th century saw many artists transitioning from traditional art forms, seeking mediums that offered more expansive narratives. For Sherman, this transition led her to the world of photography, a medium she felt resonated more with her storytelling aspirations.

Shift to Photography

The bustling art scene of Buffalo provided Sherman with the perfect canvas to experiment and hone her skills. It was here that she began to view photography not just as a means of capturing moments, but as a tool for conceptual art. However, changing from painting to photography was not an easy task for Sherman. She could not pass the introductory photography course, as she had problems with technological aspects involved in creating a photograph. Indeed, it was one of her photography teacher who introduced her to conceptual art².

In 1976, with a degree in hand and a vision in mind, Sherman made the pivotal move to Manhattan. The city, with its eclectic mix of cultures, art forms, and narratives, was the ideal backdrop for her evolving style. Immersing herself in the vibrant art scene of New York in the 1970s, Sherman began her iconic series of photographs titled “Untitled Film Stills.” This series, which we’ll delve deeper into in subsequent sections, was a game-changer, not just for Sherman but for the world of conceptual photography.

Looking back, Cindy Sherman’s early life and influences are a testament to her journey of self-discovery and artistic evolution. From the streets of Huntington to the galleries of Manhattan, her background is a rich tapestry of experiences and decisions that have shaped her into the iconic artist she is today.

Defining the 1970s: The Rise of Sherman

“Untitled Film Stills” Series

The late 1970s marked a transformative period for Cindy Sherman. It was during these years that she embarked on what would become one of her most iconic series: the “Untitled Film Stills.” Comprising 69 black-and-white photographs, this series saw Sherman don various roles, from the femme fatale to the girl-next-door, capturing the essence of stereotypical female characters in 1950s and 60s Hollywood, film noir, and European art-house films.

But these weren’t mere reenactments. Each photograph, while reminiscent of a movie still, was Sherman’s commentary on the portrayal of women in media. They challenged the viewer, urging them to confront societal stereotypes and question the roles often assigned to women in cinema. Sherman’s series was a groundbreaking exploration of self-representation, where the artist became both the observer and the observed.

New York’s Art Scene

Sherman’s move to Manhattan in 1976 couldn’t have been more timely. The city was a melting pot of artistic expressions, with the 1970s being a particularly vibrant decade for contemporary art. New York provided Sherman with the perfect backdrop to experiment, collaborate, and showcase her work. The city’s art scene, characterized by its avant-garde exhibitions and a community of like-minded artists, played a pivotal role in Sherman’s rise.

It wasn’t long before her “Untitled Film Stills” began to garner attention. The series resonated with art enthusiasts, critics, and fellow artists alike. Its unique blend of critique, humor, and nostalgia struck a chord, making Sherman a prominent figure in New York’s art circles.

The 1970s were more than just a decade for Cindy Sherman; they were the years that defined her as an artist. Through her innovative approach to photography and her keen understanding of societal norms, Sherman carved a niche for herself, challenging conventions and redefining contemporary art. As the decade drew to a close, one thing was clear: Cindy Sherman had arrived, and the world of art would never be the same again.

Sherman’s Unique Artistic Approach

Self as the Subject

Cindy Sherman’s work is a masterclass in self-representation. Unlike traditional self-portraits that aim to capture the artist’s likeness, Sherman’s photographs delve deeper, exploring the multifaceted nature of identity. Each image is a character study, with Sherman herself donning various roles, from historical figures to fictional personas. These aren’t mere disguises; they’re explorations of self, society, and the myriad roles women play.

She is the model for her photographs: it can be said that in her pictures she adopts the role of director, actress, model and photographer³. Sherman’s self-portraits can be seen as a critique of societal norms. They challenge the viewer to confront their biases, question stereotypes, and reflect on the constructed nature of identity. Each photograph is a narrative, a story that blurs the lines between reality and fiction, urging the viewer to question: Who is the real Cindy Sherman?

Challenging Societal Norms

Sherman’s work is as much about society as it is about her. Through her lens, she critiques societal views on gender, beauty, and aging. Her photographs often depict exaggerated versions of femininity, from the glamorous to the grotesque, highlighting the unrealistic standards and stereotypes women often face.

Sherman’s photographs, while rooted in contemporary issues, have a timeless quality. They resonate with viewers across generations, highlighting universal themes of identity, representation, and societal expectations. Altogether with feminist concerns, Sherman’s work was interpreted as exploring the surveillance society⁴

Furthermore, Sherman’s decision to not title her works adds another layer of intrigue. By leaving them untitled, she invites viewers to draw their own interpretations, to engage with the art on a personal level, and to derive meaning based on their experiences and perspectives.

Cindy Sherman’s artistic approach is a testament to her genius. Through her photographs, she offers a mirror to society, reflecting its beauty, flaws, and complexities. Her work is a dialogue, a conversation between the artist and the viewer, challenging conventions and urging introspection. In a world saturated with images, Sherman’s photographs stand out, not just for their visual appeal, but for the profound messages they convey.

Diving into Notable Works

Famous Series Explored

Throughout her illustrious career, Cindy Sherman has produced a plethora of series, each distinct in its theme and execution. Among these, certain series stand out, not just for their artistic brilliance but also for the narratives they weave.

“Rear Screen Projections” (1980)

Venturing into color photography, this series saw Sherman juxtaposing herself against projected backdrops, reminiscent of the Hollywood golden era. These images, while evoking a sense of nostalgia, also delve into the artificiality of cinema, highlighting the constructed nature of filmic reality.

“Centerfolds/Horizontals” (1981)

Commissioned by the “Artforum” magazine (though never published), this series features images of Sherman in various states of vulnerability and introspection. The horizontal format, reminiscent of centerfold spreads, challenges the viewer’s gaze, critiquing the objectification of women in media.

“History Portraits/Old Masters” (1988-1990)

In this series, Sherman recreates iconic portraits from art history, infusing them with her unique touch. Donning elaborate costumes and prosthetics, she transforms into historical figures, from Renaissance royalty to Caravaggio’s subjects. Through these images, Sherman critiques the canon of Western art, highlighting its gender biases and challenging traditional representations of women.

Themes and Messages

Sherman’s photographs often play with the idea of the ‘simulacrum’ – a copy without an original. Her characters, while reminiscent of familiar archetypes, lack a definitive origin, challenging the viewer to question the nature of representation. Cindy Sherman as an artist is widely associated to postmodernism, or even “critic posmodernism”⁵. As Andy Grundberg states “Postmodernist art accepts the world as an endless hall of mirrors, a place where images constitute what we are, as in Cindy Sherman’s world, and where images constitute all of what we know…”⁶. This is very much in line with the notion of postmodernism as imagined by Jean Baudrillard.

Furthermore, her works often touch upon themes of identity, transformation, and the passage of time. For instance, her “Clowns” series (2003-2004) features grotesque, exaggerated figures, which, beneath their garish makeup, reveal traces of vulnerability and melancholy. These images, while unsettling, delve into the human psyche, exploring the masks we wear and the emotions they conceal. Sherman is the object and the subject of her work, which is very important, according to Rosalind Krauss, as Sherman reveals the role of the artist as being also a stereotype⁷. According to Michael Fried, the neutral expression of Sherman’s face in this series avoid the the photographs to become “theatrical”⁸.

Cindy Sherman’s notable works are a testament to her versatility and depth as an artist. Each series, while distinct in its theme, carries the unmistakable imprint of Sherman’s genius. Through her photographs, she invites viewers on a journey, from the glamorous world of Hollywood to the hallowed halls of art history, challenging, critiquing, and captivating every step of the way.

Evolution Over the Decades

Transition in the 1980s

The 1980s marked a significant shift in Cindy Sherman’s artistic trajectory. While her earlier works in the 1970s predominantly utilized black-and-white photography, the 1980s saw Sherman embracing color film with open arms. This transition wasn’t merely technical; it was deeply thematic. Her subjects became more elaborate, the settings more intricate, and the narratives more layered.

One of the standout series from this period is the “Fairy Tales” series (1985). Here, Sherman delves into the dark and often macabre world of folklore and fairy tales. The images, while fantastical, carry an underlying sense of unease. They challenge the sanitized versions of tales we’ve grown up with, revealing the grim undertones that often lurk beneath.

Contemporary Works

As Sherman’s career progressed into the 1990s and 2000s, her work began reflecting more contemporary issues. The “Sex Pictures” series (1992) is a prime example. Here, Sherman uses mannequins and prosthetics to create unsettling images that touch upon themes of sexuality, objectification, and the human body. The series, while controversial, is a powerful commentary on society’s fetishization of the female form.

Another notable series from this period is the “Society Portraits” (2008). In this series, Sherman portrays aging high-society women, capturing their elegance, grace, and the inevitable passage of time. The images, while beautiful, carry a melancholic undertone, touching upon themes of aging, beauty standards, and the societal pressures women face.

It’s evident that Sherman’s evolution as an artist mirrors the broader shifts in society. Her works, while deeply personal, are also reflective of the changing cultural, social, and political landscapes.

Cindy Sherman’s journey over the decades is a testament to her adaptability and keen observational skills. From the black-and-white stills of the 1970s to the vivid, thought-provoking images of the 2000s, her work has continually evolved, yet remained rooted in its core themes of identity, representation, and societal critique. As we look back at her illustrious career, it’s evident that Cindy Sherman is not just a photographer; she’s a storyteller, a critic, and above all, an artist who continually pushes the boundaries of her medium.

Sherman and the World of Fashion

Association with Vuitton

Cindy Sherman’s influence isn’t confined to the galleries and museums; it extends to the glamorous world of fashion. One of her most notable associations has been with the illustrious Vuitton family. In collaboration with the luxury brand Louis Vuitton, Sherman created a series of images for their 2014 Spring/Summer collection. But, true to her style, these weren’t mere advertisements. Sherman infused each image with her unique touch, transforming them into narratives that explored themes of identity, luxury, and the very nature of fashion itself.

This collaboration was more than just a business endeavor; it was a meeting of minds. Louis Vuitton, known for its rich history and commitment to artistry, found a perfect partner in Sherman, an artist who continually challenges conventions. The resulting images, which featured Sherman in various avatars against the backdrop of New York City, were a blend of fashion, art, and storytelling, resonating with audiences worldwide.

Influence in Fashion

Sherman’s association with fashion isn’t limited to brand collaborations. Her influence can be seen in the works of numerous designers and photographers. Her ability to transform, to don various personas, and to challenge traditional notions of beauty has made her a muse for many in the fashion industry.

Sherman’s work has redefined fashion photography. Her images, while rooted in art, have a distinct fashion sensibility. They challenge the viewer, much like avant-garde fashion, urging them to question, interpret, and engage.

Furthermore, Sherman’s exploration of themes like aging, beauty standards, and societal expectations has had a profound impact on the fashion world. Designers and photographers, inspired by her work, have begun to challenge traditional norms, embracing diversity, and promoting a more inclusive definition of beauty.

Cindy Sherman’s foray into the world of fashion is a testament to her versatility and the universal appeal of her work. From high-profile collaborations to influencing global fashion narratives, her impact is undeniable. As the lines between art and fashion continue to blur, Sherman’s work stands as a beacon, illuminating the path for future collaborations and challenging the very essence of what fashion represents.

However, some scholars states that the photographs constructed by Sherman opposes fashion photography, and the artist tries hard to efface her own identity in her pictures⁹.

Trivia: Delving Deeper into Sherman’s World

Behind the Scenes

• Makeup Mastery: One of the most captivating aspects of Cindy Sherman’s work is her transformative ability. But does she do her own makeup? The answer is a resounding yes. Sherman’s metamorphosis in each photograph is a result of her meticulous attention to detail, from costume to makeup. This hands-on approach allows her to fully immerse herself in each character, ensuring authenticity and depth in every frame.
• The Mystery of Untitled Works: Ever wondered why most of Sherman’s works are untitled? This deliberate choice stems from her desire to keep the narratives open-ended. By not assigning a specific title, Sherman invites viewers to engage with the work, drawing their own interpretations and meanings. It’s a testament to her belief in the subjective nature of art and the unique perspectives each viewer brings.
• Dressing Up – More Than Just Art: Sherman’s penchant for dressing up isn’t limited to her photographs. It’s an intrinsic part of who she is. For Sherman, costumes and characters offer a medium to explore and critique societal roles, gender norms, and the very nature of identity. Whether she’s portraying a 1950s Hollywood starlet or a Renaissance noblewoman, each character is a reflection of society, both past and present.

Fun Facts

• Film Foray: While renowned for her photography, Sherman has also dabbled in film. In 1997, she directed the dark comedy “Office Killer,” showcasing her versatility and keen observational skills in a new medium.
• Museum Marvel: Sherman’s work is not only critically acclaimed but also commercially successful. In 2011, one of her photographs from the “Centerfolds” series sold for a staggering $3.89 million, setting a record for the highest price paid for a photograph at that time.
• Fashion Forward: Beyond her collaboration with Louis Vuitton, Sherman has also worked with other fashion giants. In 2016, she collaborated with high-fashion brand Comme des Garçons, further cementing her status as a fashion icon.

Cindy Sherman, while celebrated for her art, remains an enigma. These behind-the-scenes insights and fun facts offer a glimpse into her world, revealing the intricacies and nuances that make her work so captivating. From her hands-on approach to her forays outside of photography, Sherman’s journey is filled with intriguing tidbits that will fascinate both art enthusiasts and casual viewers alike.

Sherman Today: Recent Endeavors

Latest Exhibitions

Cindy Sherman’s artistic journey is far from over. Even in recent years, she has continued to captivate audiences with her thought-provoking exhibitions. One of the most notable showcases was her 2019 exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery in London. This retrospective, spanning her illustrious 40-year career, was a testament to her enduring influence and the timeless appeal of her work. Featuring over 150 works, the exhibition provided a comprehensive overview of Sherman’s oeuvre, from her iconic “Untitled Film Stills” to her more recent series.

Another standout exhibition was her 2020 showcase at the Fondation Louis Vuitton in Paris. This exhibition, while focusing on her more recent works, also delved into her long-standing association with the world of fashion, highlighting her collaborations and the profound impact of her work on the fashion industry.

Current Projects

While Cindy Sherman is best known for her photography, she has never been one to confine herself to a single medium. Recent years have seen her exploring new avenues, from digital art to augmented reality. Her Instagram account, for instance, offers a glimpse into her experiments with digital filters and apps, showcasing her adaptability and her keen sense of evolving digital trends.

Furthermore, Sherman has also been vocal about contemporary issues, using her platform to advocate for causes close to her heart. From championing women’s rights to raising awareness about environmental issues, she continues to use her art as a medium for change.

Rumors in the art circles also hint at a potential new series in the works, one that delves into the complexities of the digital age. While details remain under wraps, the art world is abuzz with anticipation, eager to see how Sherman interprets and critiques our increasingly digital lives.

Cindy Sherman’s legacy is firmly cemented in the annals of art history. Yet, she continues to evolve, adapt, and inspire. Her recent endeavors showcase her relentless passion and her commitment to pushing the boundaries of art. As we look to the future, one thing is clear: Cindy Sherman remains a force to be reckoned with, and her journey is far from over.

ANTI FASHION

In the heart of Hamburg-Harburg, the Falckenberg Collection at Deichtorhallen Hamburg unveils an evocative exhibition titled “ANTI FASHION”, dedicated to the illustrious Cindy Sherman. This exhibition, spanning five decades of Sherman’s work, delves deep into her intricate relationship with the fashion realm. Showcasing around 50 masterpieces, it reveals her collaborations with iconic fashion houses like Chanel and editorial giants such as Vogue. However, Sherman’s portrayal stands distinct from conventional fashion imagery. Instead of echoing the glamour and allure typically associated with fashion, her photographs challenge and critique the industry’s ideals, presenting characters that defy the conventional notions of flawlessness. The exhibition, enriched with loans from both national and international sources and exclusive material from Sherman’s New York archive, is a pioneering endeavor, being the first to spotlight fashion’s role in Sherman’s extensive body of work. This immersive experience not only offers a visual treat but also prompts introspection into the realms of identity, gender, and societal norms as perceived through the lens of fashion.

Legacy and Lasting Impact

Pioneering a New Art Form

Cindy Sherman’s influence on the art world is profound and far-reaching. She pioneered a unique form of self-portraiture, where the artist becomes both the subject and the creator. But unlike traditional self-portraits, Sherman’s works are narratives, delving deep into themes of identity, representation, and societal norms. Sherman’s art is a blend of performance, photography, and social critique, creating a genre that defies easy categorization.

Influencing a New Generation

Sherman’s impact isn’t limited to her contemporaries. She has inspired a new generation of artists, photographers, and creatives who see in her work a blueprint for challenging conventions and pushing boundaries. Artists like Gillian Wearing and Sam Taylor-Johnson have cited Sherman as a significant influence, drawing from her themes of identity and representation in their works.

Furthermore, her approach to art, where the personal becomes universal, has paved the way for artists to explore their narratives, using their experiences as a lens to comment on broader societal issues. In a world increasingly dominated by visuals, Sherman’s emphasis on storytelling and critique is more relevant than ever.

Recognition and Accolades

Over the years, Cindy Sherman has received numerous accolades, cementing her status as one of the foremost artists of her generation. From prestigious awards like the Hasselblad Prize to retrospectives in renowned institutions like the Museum of Modern Art, her contributions to the art world have been widely recognized and celebrated.

However, perhaps the most significant testament to her legacy is the continued relevance of her work. Decades after they were created, Sherman’s photographs continue to resonate, their themes and narratives striking a chord with audiences worldwide.

Cindy Sherman’s legacy is a testament to her vision, talent, and relentless pursuit of innovation. Through her photographs, she has redefined art, challenged societal norms, and inspired countless artists. As we reflect on her contributions, one thing is clear: Cindy Sherman’s impact on the art world is enduring, and her legacy will continue to inspire for generations to come.

Curated videos about Cindy Sherman

In this video Jörg Colberg presents the book of Cindy Sherman published by Flammarion in 2006 . Find more fascinating photobooks presentations in Colberg’s Vimeo channel https://www.youtube.com/user/jmcolberg/videos and books reviews in his website http://cphmag.com.

The following video, found in ArtsHub Vimeo channel https://www.youtube.com/user/artsHubAustralia, shows a great and short presentation of Cindy Sherman. Find more art related content in ArtsHub website http://www.artshub.com.au/

In the follwing video, produced by MoMa, Cindy Sherman is presented by the Chief curator of the Institute of Contemporary Art in Boston, Eva Respini.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ED6QhmRchZI

https://wayback.archive-it.org/4387/20140612185410/http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2012/cindysherman/

https://www.moma.org/multimedia/video/200/1064

Curated Links about Cindy Sherman

https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/840/

Glenn D. Lowry, My Favourite Cindy Sherman, MoMA.

Why I “Like” but Don’t Love Cindy Sherman’s Instagram Photos

Curated Papers about Cindy Sherman

Holtzman Dinah, Portrait of the postmodern artist as hysteric, 2014 (Thesis).

Simmons, William J., Portfolio: Cindy Sherman, New Work, King Kong Magazine, 2016.

Gerrie Vanessa, Exhibition Review: Cindy Sherman, City Gallery Wellington, 2016.

Maura Reilly, Cindy Sherman’s Untitled Film Stills Series: Regressive or Transgressive Mimicry? Women Making Art: Women Artists from the Visual, Literary, and Performing Arts, 1960‐1990. Eds. Deborah Johnson and Wendy Oliver(Peter Lang, 2000), pp. 117–140.

Cloutier-Blazzard Kimberlee A., Cindy Sherman: Her “History Portrait” Series as Post-Modern Parody, 2007.

Russel Charles, Cindy Serman, the Neo-Gothic, and Postmodernism.

Mauer Barry J., The Epistemology of Cindy Sherman: A Research Method for Media and Cultural Studies, 2005.

Hopson Charlotte, Tormented Torsos, the Pornographic Imagination, and Articulated Minors: The Works of Hans Bellmer and Cindy Sherman.

Rubinstein Daniel, Techniques of The Self; On the art of Cindy Sherman from Untitled Film Stills to Instagram, 2018.

Interviews with Cindy Sherman

The Walker, November 2012.

Apollo Magazine, June 2019.

The Guardian, June 2019.

Tate, March 2019.

Gagosian Quarterly, Spring 2020.

Latest and Upcoming Exhibitions of Cindy Sherman (solo and collective)

Non Finito

Date	17 Jun 2023 – 03 Sep 2023
Year	2023
Organizer	Centro de Cultura Contemporânea de Castelo Branco (CCCCB)
Venue	Centro de Cultura Contemporânea de Castelo Branco (CCCCB) Campo Mártires da Pátria, S/N Castelo Branco Portugal

Collection1 80/90/00/10

Date	24 Jun 2023 – 10 Sep 2023
Year	2023
Organizer	National Museum of Art Osaka (NMAO)
Venue	National Museum of Art Osaka (NMAO) 4-2-55 Nakanoshima, kita-ku Osaka Japan

Deep Deep Down

Date	30 Jun 2023 – 18 Feb 2024
Year	2023
Curators	Tirdad Zolghadr
Organizer	MUDAM – Musée d’Art Moderne Grand-Duc Jean
Venue	MUDAM – Musée d’Art Moderne Grand-Duc Jean 3, Park Dräi Eechelen Luxembourg Luxembourg

FrawenKörper

Date	24 Oct 2021 – 20 Feb 2022
Year	2021
Organizer	Kurpfälzisches Museum der Stadt Heidelberg
Venue	Kurpfälzisches Museum der Stadt Heidelberg Hauptstraße 97 Heidelberg Germany

• Max Beckmann 1884 (Germany)
• Lovis Corinth 1858 (Germany)
• Otto Dix 1891 (Germany)
• Albrecht Dürer 1471 (Germany)
• Käthe Kollwitz 1867 (Germany)
• Maria Lassnig 1919 (Austria)
• Cindy Sherman 1954 (United States)
• Annegret Soltau 1946
• Rembrandt van Rijn 1606 (Netherlands)

ICH – Zwischen Abbild und Neuerfindung / ME – Between image and reinvention

Date	16 Oct 2021 – 16 Jan 2022
Year	2021
Organizer	Galerie Stihl Waiblingen
Venue	Häckermühle Weingärtner Vorstadt 16 Waiblingen Germany

• Ai Weiwei 1957 (China)
• Max Beckmann 1884 (Germany)
• Thorsten Brinkmann 1971 (Germany)
• John Coplans 1920 (United Kingdom)
• Jimi Durhman
• Käthe Kollwitz 1867 (Germany)
• Maria Lassnig 1919 (Austria)
• Sarah Lucas 1962 (United Kingdom)
• Urs Lüthi 1947 (Switzerland)
• René Magritte 1898 (Belgium)
• Paula Modersohn-Becker 1876 (Germany)
• Man Ray 1890 (United States)
• Christian Schad 1894 (Germany)
• Cindy Sherman 1954 (United States)
• Andy Warhol 1928 (United States)
• Wols 1913 (Germany)

Les Flammes. L’âge de la céramique

Date	15 Oct 2021 – 06 Feb 2022
Year	2021
Curators	Anne Dressen
Organizer	Musée d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris (MAM/ARC)
Venue	Musée d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris (MAM/ARC) 11 avenue du Président Wilson Paris France

• Jean Joseph Carriès 1855 (France)
• Judy Chicago 1939 (United States)
• Salvador Dalí 1904 (Spain)
• Dewar & Gicquel (United Kingdom, France)
• Marcel Duchamp 1887 (France)
• Raoul Dufy 1877 (France)
• Lucio Fontana 1899 (Italy, Argentina)
• Theaster Gates 1973 (United States)
• Paul Gauguin 1848 (France)
• Jean Girel 1947 (France)
• Shôji Hamada 1894 (Japan)
• Takuro Kuwata 1981 (Japan)
• Bernard Leach 1887
• Simone Leigh 1967 (United States)
• Ron Nagle 1939 (United States)
• George Ohr
• Meret Oppenheim 1913 (Germany)
• Bernard Palissy 1510
• Mai-Thu Perret 1976 (Switzerland)
• Françoise Petrovitch 1964 (France)
• Pablo Picasso 1881 (Spain)
• Dave the Potter 1801 (United States)
• Ken Price 1935 (United States)
• Cindy Sherman 1954 (United States)
• Marie Talbot
• Clare Twomey 1968 (United Kingdom)
• Natsuko Uchino 1983 (Japan)
• Beatrice Wood 1893 (United States)

References

1. . Amada Cruz, on Cindy Sherman Retrospective, p.1
2. Amada Cruz, on Cindy Sherman Rtrospective, p.1
3. André Rouillé, La photographie, Éditions Gallimard, 2005, p.490.
4. Ana Peraica, Culture of the selfie: self-representation in contemporary visual culture, 2017, p.26
5. Dominique Baqué, La photographie plasticienne, Éditions du Regard, 2004, p.97.
6. Andy Grundberg, Crisis of the Real: Writings on Photography, 2010, p.17.
7. Rosalind Krauss, Photography and the Simulacrum, 1983.
8. Michael Fried, Why Photography Matters as Art as Never Before, Yale University Press, 2008, p.7.
9. Van Gelder Hilde, Westgeest Helen, Photography Theory in Historical Perspective, 2011, p.188.